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REFERENCE MANUAL FOR THE MINIX 1.5 DEMONSTRATION DISK ANDREW S. TANENBAUM Prentice Hall, Inc Copyright 1991 Prentice Hall, Inc. 1 INTRODUCTION Every computer needs an operating system to manage its memory, control its I/O devices, implement its file system and provide an interface to its users. Many operating systems exist, such as MS-DOS, OS/2, and UNIX. This manual pro- vides a very brief introduction to another operating system, MINIX. It is intended to accompany the MINIX demonstration diskette. Although MINIX was inspired by the well-known AT&T UNIX operating system, its design and implementation are completely new. It does not contain even a single line of AT&T code: not in the operating system, not in the C compiler, and not in any of the nearly 200 utility programs supplied with MINIX. For this reason, it is possible to include not only all the binary programs, but, virtually all the source code of the operating system and utilities as well. In this way, people can study MINIX in detail to learn how a modern operating system is constructed, and can also modify it to suit their own tastes if need be. Before getting started, we would like to point out that this manual and the accompanying demonstration diskette only deal with a tiny fraction of MINIX, just to give the flavor of the system. If your favorite feature (e.g., the Berkeley vi editor) is not present here, that does not mean that it is also absent from the full system. The standard MINIX distribution for the IBM PC, for example, is 17 diskettes, whereas the demonstration program is only 1 diskette. Similarly, the manual that comes with MINIX is 680 pages, including a cross-referenced listing of the operating system source code itself, in C. Some of the differences between the demonstration system and full MINIX are given in the table below. 1 2 INTRODUCTION CHAP. 1 Item Demonstration disk Full MINIX ---- ------------------ ---------- Complete operating system provided? Yes Yes Complete shell provided? Yes Yes Printer supported? Yes Yes RAM disk supported? Yes Yes Floppy disk supported? Yes Yes Hard disk supported? Yes Yes RS-232 serial lines supported? Yes Yes Real mode supported? Yes Yes Protected mode supported? No Yes Ethernet supported? No Yes Version 7 system calls supported? Yes Yes Operating system source provided? No Yes Utility program source provided? No Yes Multiprogramming supported? Yes Yes C compiler provided? No Yes Mountable file systems supported? Yes Yes Remote login supported? No Yes Network file transfer supported? No Yes Number of Editors provided: 1 5 Communication software provided: No Kermit, zmodem Maximum number of simultaneous users: 1 3 Approximate number of utilities: 25 190 In addition to the IBM version (8088, 8086, 80286, 80386), MINIX is also avail- able for the Atari, Amiga, and Macintosh. A version for the SPARC is in the works and will be available in 1991. 1.1. BOOTING MINIX The steps below will tell you how to boot MINIX on your computer. One word of warning, however, concerning running MINIX on IBM clones. Although it will work perfectly with all clones that are compatible with the IBM hardware, there are a small number of clones that deviate from the IBM hardware and mask these SEC. 1.1 BOOTING MINIX 3 differences in the BIOS. Since MINIX does not generally use the BIOS, it may not run on these machines. If the demonstration disk works on your system, it is very likely that full MINIX will work too, and vice versa. The problem you are most likely to encounter with the demonstration diskette is nonstandard video cards. If the screen goes blank every 25 lines (which will happen with some EGA cards that are not IBM compatible), hit the F3 key once to enable software scrolling. Since there are no clones for the Atari, Amiga, and Macintosh, these prob- lems do not arise there, although occasional problems do arise with peri- pherals, such as hard disks, that are not compatible with the vendor's. This said, we can now boot MINIX in the following steps. 1. Turn off your computer. 2. Insert the demonstration disk in drive 0 (also called drive A). 3. Turn the computer on. 4. Wait for the menu, then hit the = key (i.e., equal sign) [IBM only]. 5. When it asks for the date, please enter a 12-digit number in the form MMDDYYhhmmss, followed by a carriage return. For example, 3:35 p.m. on July 4, 1976 was 070476153500. 6. When the login: prompt appears, type: root Please note that in this manual, lines printed in the Helvetica typeface, as above, are lines that either you are to type in (literally) or lines that the computer will display. It will always be clear from the context which is which. Always type a carriage return (ENTER key) after each line. 7. The computer (actually the shell) will now display: # to show that it is ready to accept a command. 8. To see what programs are available, type: ls -l /bin A list of file names of executable programs will be displayed. To keep the list from scrolling out of view, type CTRL-S to stop the scroll and CTRL-Q to restart it. (CTRL-S means depress the CTRL key, and while holding it down, depress the S key.) You can also use: ls -C /bin to get a short listing. 9. At this point you can run programs, make tests and so on. Some exam- ples are given below. If you are familar with UNIX you can try the various programs in /bin as most will be familiar. 4 INTRODUCTION CHAP. 1 10. When you are done using MINIX, type CTRL-D to log out. login: prompt will appear, and you can now turn off the computer or boot a different operating system. 1.2. MAKING AND MOUNTING FILE SYSTEMS As distributed, the demonstration disk is so full that there is not much room for user files. Thus it is necessary to make a file system on disk and copy some files there. You may use either a diskette or a hard disk. The first step is to decide how large a file system you want to make. The size of the file system is in units of 1K blocks. Thus a 360K 5.25-inch diskette will hold 360 blocks, a 1.2M 5.25-inch diskette will hold 1200 blocks, a 720K 3.5-inch diskette will hold 720 blocks, and a 1.44M 3.5-inch diskette will hold 1440 blocks. If you wish to use a hard disk, pick an unused parti- tion and determine its size in 512-byte sectors using your present operating system's software (e.g., fdisk). Then divide the number of sectors by 2 to get the number of blocks, rounding downward to an integer if there are an odd number of sectors. Finally, subtract 1 from this number if and only if you are using partition 1, to account for the boot block. The number of blocks should be between 360 and 32767. If you are using a diskette, insert it into drive 0 (drive A). To make a file system, please use the mkfs command. Below are several examples. Do not type the sharp sign (#) or the text following it, as this is simply commentary. mkfs /dev/fd0 360 # For a 360K 5.25-inch diskette mkfs /dev/at0 1200 # For a 1.2M 5.25-inch diskette mkfs /dev/ps0 720 # For a 720K 3.5-inch diskette mkfs /dev/PS0 1440 # For a 1.44M 3.5-inch diskette mkfs /dev/hd1 6800 # For a 6800-block hard disk partition 1 mkfs /dev/hd2 13600 # For a 13600-block hard disk partition 2 mkfs /dev/hd3 12041 # For a 12041-block hard disk partition 3 You can also use drive 1 (drive B) by replacing the 0 at the end of the device name by a 1 (e.g., /dev/fd1). Having made an empty MINIX file system, you can now mount it, make direc- tories on it, and copy files to it, and remove files from the RAM disk. To perform this work, type the following commands (again, without typing the com- ments): /etc/mount /dev/fd0 /usr# Mount the new file system mkdir /usr/bin # Create a directory for binaries cp /bin/* /usr/bin # Copy all the binaries rm /bin/* # Free up space on the RAM disk cp /usr/bin/mined /usr/bin/sh /bin # Restore 2 programs df # See how much space you have You can now begin using MINIX. However, if you stop using it and wish to SEC. 1.2 MAKING AND MOUNTING FILE SYSTEMS 5 reboot it later, you need not go through this entire procedure again. After rebooting, mount the diskette or partition and remove the files from /bin that you do not need using rm. It is best to restore at least mined and sh to /bin, however, for speed. 1.3. USING THE MINED EDITOR MINIX comes with five editors as follows: 1. Mined- A simple full screen editor 2. Elle - An editor based on EMACS 3. Vi - A clone of the famous Berkeley vi editor 4. Ex - A clone of the famous Berkeley ex editor 5. Ed - A simple line-oriented editor The demonstration disk comes only with mined for two reasons. First, mined is very easy to learn. In 15 minutes you will be an expert. Second, it is quite small; editors like vi and elle would take up too much space on the demonstra- tion disk. In this section we will give an introduction to mined. See the manual page in Chap. 2 for more details. Since the keyboard layouts for each of the machines differs somewhat, we will describe the IBM keystrokes here, but the 68000 version will be given in parentheses. To start mined with a sample file type: cp /etc/text mytext mined mytext The first line copies the file /etc/text to mytext so we can modify it without affecting the original. The second line starts the editor. Within a second your screen will contain 24 lines of a well-known poem by Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice in Wonderland. The cursor will be positioned at the upper left-hand corner of the screen, The bottom line will tell you the name of the file, its length in lines, and its length in characters, displayed in reverse video. The bottom line will vanish as soon as the first key is struck, but can be recalled by hitting the middle key in the numeric keypad (i.e., the key above the ``2'' and below the ``8'' (F5 on 68000). You can move the cursor around the screen using the arrow keys on the numeric keypad. The HOME key (on the 68000, also HOME) puts it back at the top of the file. The END key (on the 68000, F6) moves it to the end of the file. The PGDN key (on the 68000, F3) scrolls the screen down by 24 lines. The PGUP key (on the 68000, F4) scrolls it up by 24 lines. Using these keys you can position the cursor anywhere in the file. Try them now. You can enter new text by just typing it. The new text will appear under the cursor, and the cursor will be advanced one position. There is no automatic wraparound, so you must terminate each line using a carriage return (ENTER key). Although mined can handle lines greater than 80 characters, to 6 INTRODUCTION CHAP. 1 keep things simple, restrict your input lines to less than 80 characters for the moment. If you make a typing error, use the BACKSPACE key to erase the character to the left of the cursor. By moving the cursor around the screen using the arrows, you can erase any character by just positioning the cursor to the right of the character to be erased. The DEL key erases the character under the cur- sor. With only the information given so far, you can produce any document you need. However, other commands exist to speed up editing. For example, you can move the cursor to the start or end of the current line by typing CTRL-A or CTRL-Z, respectively. You can go forward or backward one word using CTRL-F or CTRL-B, respectively. You can scroll the screen down or up one line using CTRL-D or CTRL-U, respectively. Try these. In addition to the BACKSPACE and DEL keys, other methods are provided for erasing text. CTRL-N deletes the next word (i.e., the one to the right of the cursor). CTRL-P deletes the previous word. CTRL-T deletes the tail of the current line (i.e., all text from the cursor to the end of the line). To delete a block of text, first position the cursor at the start of the block and type CTRL-@ to mark the start. Then move the cursor one character after the end of the block and type CTRL-K to kill it. The text will vanish from the screen, but be saved in a hidden buffer. You can now move the cursor anywhere you want and type CTRL-Y to yank the contents of the hidden buffer out and insert it at the cursor. Yanking does not change the hidden buffer, so you can insert the same text in multiple places. Try these commands to see how they work. You can search forward for a given piece of text by hitting the large plus sign (+) on the numeric keypad (on the 68000, F1). You will be prompted for a string. After entering the string, type a carriage return. The numeric minus sign (-) searches backwards (on the 68000, F2). If you are familiar with the magic characters allowed by the standard ed editor in searches, you can use those here too. Although there are some more commands, with just these you can work quite efficiently. Practice a little bit now. When you have finished editing your file, type CTRL-W to write the file back to the (RAM) disk. Then exit using CTRL-X. If you type CTRL-X without first giving CTRL-W, you will be asked if you want to save it. Answer with ``y'' for yes and ``n'' for no. After exit- ing the editor, you will be back in the shell, indicated by the sharp sign. You can create a new file, say foobar, by typing: mined foobar After entering the text and typing CTRL-W and CTRL-X, the file will be present on the disk. Please note that only a small amount of free RAM disk space is available initially, which limits the number and size of the files you can create. You can remove programs that you do not need with rm. This will give you more space. SEC. 1.4 USING THE SHELL 7 1.4. USING THE SHELL The MINIX shell is functionally equivalent to the standard Version 7 (Bourne) shell. In this section we will give some examples of how it is used. For more information, consult one of the many books on UNIX. MINIX supports a hierarchical directory system. Every directory has an absolute path name, starting at the root directory /. To change to the root directory, type: cd / You can find out what files and directories are located here by typing: ls -l You can create a new directory mydir by typing: mkdir mydir You can now change to that directory to make it your working directory with: cd mydir Try doing this, and then use mined to create a small file called file1 here. You can examine the contents of this directory by typing: ls -l Now create a new directory inside mydir by typing: mkdir newdir Change to newdir using cd and create a file file2 there. You can find out where you are by typing: pwd Now change back to the root directory and examine your handiwork by typing: cd / ls -l mydir ls -l mydir/newdir Note the use of the slash character to indicate subdirectories. This choice conforms to UNIX usage, but is different than MS-DOS, which uses a backslash. To see how much space you have left, type: df To get rid of all the files and directories you have just created, type: rm -rf /mydir Now try df again to see how much space you have recovered. Some of the MINIX programs provided on the demonstration disk are filters. That is, they read an input file, called standard input, process it in some way, and write the results on standard output. To see an example of this, type: head -15 /etc/text 8 INTRODUCTION CHAP. 1 which will extract the first 15 lines of /etc/text and write them on standard output, which, by default, is the screen. To redirect the output to a file, x, type: head -15 /etc/text >x You can examine x using mined or by copying it to the screen using: cp x /dev/tty In a similar way, try: tail -5 /etc/text to see the last 5 lines of /etc/text. MINIX allows filters to be combined in a simple way. If you type: head -15 /etc/text | tail -5 head will extract the first 15 lines of the file and pass them to tail. In other words, the input to tail will be the output from head. Thus tail will get lines 1 through 15 as its input, and extract the last 5 lines as its out- put. This will result in lines 11 through 15 of the original file appearing on the screen. When two (or more) programs are connected this way, the construc- tion is called a pipeline. A still more complicated example is: head -15 /etc/text | tail -5 | sort >y which first extracts 15 lines from the file, then takes the last 5 of these and passes them to sort, which sorts them alphabetically (using the ASCII collating sequence), and writes the result on the file x. Try this command, and make up your own pipelines using these programs and also rev, which reverses the char- acters in a line. The first character becomes the last one and the last one becomes the first one (e.g., HORSE becomes ESROH). You can compare two files to see if they are identical using cmp. Another useful program is comm, which expects two input files, each containing a sorted list of items. The output of comm tells which items occur in only the first file (left-hand column), occur in only the second file (middle column), or in both files (right-hand column). The output of comm can be displayed, used as the input of another filter, or redirected to an output file. It is possible to see the output and save it at the same time using tee as follows: head /etc/text | sort | tee x This pipeline writes the sorted output onto the file x, but also writes it on standard output (the screen). You can time a command using time: time sleep 5 The sleep command simply waits 5 seconds before returning, and time reports on the real time, user time, and system time used to carry out the command. For sleep, the user and system times will usually be 0.0. MINIX supports multiprogramming (sometimes called multitasking). SEC. 1.4 USING THE SHELL 9 Multiprogramming allows multiple processes to run simultaneously. A process can be put in the background by appending its command with an ampersand (&) like this: sleep 15 & Notice that after typing a command, the shell will respond with a number, the process id of the background process just started. If you change your mind, you can terminate a background process using the kill command. For example, if the previous command caused the shell to output ``28'' as the process id, the command kill 28 would terminate process 28. Process id 0 can be used to kill all background processes. You can see how many background processes you have by hitting the F1 key on the PC or CTRL-ALT-F1 on the Atari. As an example of multiple processes, try typing: time sleep 60 & time sleep 50 & time sleep 40 & This command will start up six background processes: three running time and three running sleep. Try killing them off one at a time using kill and hit F1 on the IBM PC (or CTRL-ALT-F1 on the Atari) each time to see how many are left. Needless to say, you can start any process off in the background, not just sleep. While a complete tutorial on shell programming is beyond the scope of this manual, we will just point out that the shell supplied with the demonstration disk is a full Bourne shell. Consult any book on UNIX to find out more about using it. As a simple example, create the following file, compare using mined: case $# in 0) echo Compare: You have not supplied any arguments. At least 2 needed. exit 1 ;; 1) echo Compare: You have only supplied one argument. At least 2 needed. exit 1 ;; esac file=$1 shift for i do if cmp -s $i $file 2>/dev/null then echo $i is the same as $file else echo $i does not exist or is different from $file fi done To test this shell script, create a file x along with several other files. 10 INTRODUCTION CHAP. 1 Some of these should be copies of x; the rest should be different. For example, type: cp /etc/rc x cp /etc/text a cp x b cp /etc/passwd c To run your new shell script, type: sh compare x a b c The shell script will compare the second, third, fourth (and subsequent, if present) files with the first one, and tell which are the same and which are different. Also try it with no arguments and with one argument. In full MINIX, you could make compare executable with chmod. See Chap. 2 for more pro- grams and try them all. 1.5. PRINTING You can print files using lpr. For example: lpr /etc/text & will print /etc/text using the centronics printer port. Note that lpr is not a spooler, so you cannot start up the next lpr until the first one is finished, but by starting it up in the background, as shown, you can do other things while it is printing. 2 MANUAL PAGES This chapter contains the manual ``pages'' for those MINIX programs included on the demonstration disk. For each command, its name, syntax, and flags are given, as well as at least one example of its usage, and finally a description of what it does. Although most commands are available in all versions of MINIX A few are not. These commands have square brackets in their Command lines listing the versions in which they are present. The following conventions are used in the Syntax lines below. Items printed in bold typeface are to be typed exactly as they appear here. Items printed in italics typeface are to be replaced by user-chosen directory names, file names, integers, and so on. Punctuation marks are printed in the roman typeface. The sharp sign (#) is used below to indicate the start of a comment. The text fol- lowing the sharp sign is not part of the command. It is provided to help explain the command. 2.1. MANUAL PAGES cmp - compare two files Command: cmp - compare two files Syntax: cmp [-ls] file1 file2 Flags: -l Loud mode. Print bytes that differ (in octal) -s Silent mode. Print nothing, just return exit status 11 12 MANUAL PAGES CHAP. 2 Examples: cmp file1 file2 # Tell whether the files are the same cmp -l file1 file2 # Print all corresponding bytes that differ Two files are compared. If they are identical, exit status 0 is returned. If they differ, exit status 1 is returned. If the files cannot be opened, exit status 2 is returned. If file1 is - , stdin is compared to file2. comm - print lines common to two sorted files Command: comm - print lines common to two sorted files Syntax: comm [-123] file1 file2 Flags: -1 Suppress column 1 (lines present only in file1) -2 Suppress column 2 (lines present only in file2) -3 Suppress column 3 (lines present in both files) Examples: comm file1 file2 # Print all three columns comm -12 file1 file2 # Print only lines common to both files Two sorted files are read and compared. A three column listing is produced. Files only in file1 are in column 1; files only in file2 are in column 2; files common to both files are in column 3. The file name - means stdin. cp - copy file Command: cp - copy file Syntax: cp file1 file2 cp file ... directory Flags: (none) Examples: cp oldfile newfile # Copy oldfile to newfile cp file1 file2 /usr/ast # Copy two files to a directory Cp copies one file to another, or copies one or more files to a directory. A file cannot be copied to itself. Cp is much faster than cat or dd and should be used for copying when it is applicable. date - print or set the date and time Command: date - print or set the date and time Syntax: date [-q [[MMDDYY]hhmm[ss]] Flags: -q Read the date from stdin Examples: date # Print the date and time date 0221921610 # Set date to Feb 21, 1992 at 4:10 p.m. Without an argument, date prints the current date and time. With an argu- ment, it sets the date and time. MMDDYY refers to the month, day, and year; hhmmss refers to the hour, minute and second. Each of the six fields must be exactly two digits, no more and no less. SEC. 2.1 MANUAL PAGES 13 df - report on free disk space and i-nodes Command: df - report on free disk space and i-nodes Syntax: df special ... Flags: (none) Examples: df /dev/ram # Report on free RAM disk space df /dev/fd0 /dev/fd1 # Report on diskette space df # Report on all mounted devices The amount of disk space and number of i-nodes, both free and used is reported. If no argument is given, df reports on the root device and all mounted file systems. echo - print the arguments Command: echo - print the arguments Syntax: echo [-n] argument ... Flags: -n No line feed is output when done Examples: echo Start Phase 1 # ``Start Phase 1'' is printed echo -n Hello # ``Hello'' is printed without a line feed Echo writes its arguments to standard output. They are separated by blanks and terminated with a line feed unless -n is present. This command is used mostly in shell scripts. head - print the first few lines of a file Command: head - print the first few lines of a file Syntax: head [-n] [file] ... Flags: -n How many lines to print Examples: head -6 # Print first 6 lines of stdin head -1 file1 file2 # Print first line of two files The first few lines of one or more files are printed. The default count is 10 lines. The default file is stdin. kill - send a signal to a process Command: kill - send a signal to a process Syntax: kill [-n] process Flags: -n Signal number to send Examples: kill 35 # Send signal 15 to process 35 kill -9 40 # Send signal 9 to process 40 kill -2 0 # Send signal 2 to whole process group A signal is sent to a given process. By default signal 15 (SIGTERM) is sent. Process 0 means all the processes in the sender's process group. 14 MANUAL PAGES CHAP. 2 login - log into the computer Command: login - log into the computer Syntax: login [user] Flags: (none) Example: login ast # Login as ast Login allows a logged in user to login as someone else without first logging out. If a password is needed, login will prompt for it. lpr - copy a file to the line printer Command: lpr - copy a file to the line printer Syntax: lpr [file] ... Flags: (none) Examples: lpr file & # Print file on the line printer pr file | lpr & # Print stdin (pr's output) Each argument is interpreted as a file to be printed. Lpr copies each file to /dev/lp, without spooling. It inserts carriage returns and expands tabs. Only one lpr at a time may be running. ls - list the contents of a directory Command: ls - list the contents of a directory Syntax: ls [-ACFRadfgilrstu] [name] ... Flags: -A All entries are listed, except . and .. -C Multicolumn listing -F Put / after directory names -R Recursively list subdirectories -a All entries are listed, even . and .. -d Do not list contents of directories -f List argument as unsorted directory -g Group id given instead of user id -i I-node number printed in first column -l Long listing: mode, links, owner, size and time -r Reverse the sort order -s Give size in blocks (including indirect blocks) -t Sort by time, latest first -u Use last usage time instead of modification time Examples: ls -l # List files in working directory ls -lis # List with i-nodes and sizes For each file argument, list it. For each directory argument, list its con- tents, unless -d is present. When no argument is present, the working direc- tory is listed. SEC. 2.1 MANUAL PAGES 15 mined - MINIX editor Command: mined - MINIX editor Syntax: mined [file] Flags: (none) Examples: mined /user/ast/book.3 # Edit an existing file mined # Call editor to create a new file ls -l | mined # Use mined as a pager to inspect listing Mined (pronounced min-ed) is a simple full-screen editor. When editing a file, it holds the file in memory, thus speeding up editing, but limiting the editor to files of up to about 35K. Larger files must first be cut into pieces by split. Lines may be arbitrarily long. Output from a command may be piped into mined so it can be viewed without scrolling off the screen, that is, mined can be used as a pager. At any instant, a window of 24 lines is visible on the screen. The current position in the file is shown by the cursor. Ordinary characters typed in are inserted at the cursor. Control characters and keys on the numeric keypad (at the right-hand side of the keyboard) are used to move the cursor and perform other functions. Commands exist to move forward and backward a word, and delete words either in front of the cursor or behind it. A word in this context is a sequence of characters delimited on both ends by white space (space, tab, line feed, start of file, or end of file). The commands for deleting characters and words also work on line feeds, making it possible to join two consecutive lines by delet- ing the line feed between them. The editor maintains one save buffer (not displayed). Commands are present to move text from the file to the buffer, from the buffer to the file, and to write the buffer onto a new file. If the edited text cannot be written out due to a full disk, it may still be possible to copy the whole text to the save buffer and then write it to a different file on a different disk with CTRL-Q. It may also be possible to escape from the editor with CTRL-S and remove some files. Some of the commands prompt for arguments (file names, search patterns, etc.). All commands that might result in loss of the file being edited prompt to ask for confirmation. A key (command or ordinary character) can be repeated n times by typing ESC n key where ESC is the ``escape'' key. Forward and backward searching requires a regular expression as the search pattern. Regular expressions follow the same rules as in the UNIX editor, ed. These rules can be stated as: 1. Any displayable character matches itself. 2. . (period) matches any character except line feed. 3. ^ (circumflex) matches the start of the line. 4. $ (dollar sign) matches the end of the line. 5. \c matches the character c (including period, circumflex, etc). 6. [string] matches any of the characters in the string. 16 MANUAL PAGES CHAP. 2 7. [^string] matches any of the characters except those in the string. 8. [x-y] matches any characters between x and y (e.g., [a-z]). 9. Pattern* matches any number of occurrences of pattern. Some examples of regular expressions are: The boy matches the string ``The boy'' ^$ matches any empty line. ^.$ matches any line containing exactly 1 character ^A.*\.$ matches any line starting with an A, ending with a period. ^[A-Z]*$ matches any line containing only capital letters (or empty). [A-Z0-9] matches any line containing either a capital letter or a digit. .*X matches any line ending in ``X'' A.*B matches any line containing an ``A'' and then a ``B'' Control characters cannot be entered into a file simply by typing them because all of them are editor commands. To enter a control character, depress the ALT key, and then while holding it down, hit the ESC key. Release both ALT and ESC and type the control character. Control characters are displayed in reverse video. The mined commands are as follows. CURSOR MOTION arrows Move the cursor in the indicated direction CTRL-A Move cursor to start of current line CTRL-Z Move cursor to end of current line CTRL-^ Move cursor to top of screen CTRL-_ Move cursor to end of screen CTRL-F Move cursor forward to start of next word CTRL-B Move cursor backward to start of previous word SCREEN MOTION Home key Move to first character of the file End key Move to last character of the file PgUp key Scroll window up 23 lines (closer to start of the file) PgDn key Scroll window down 23 lines (closer to end of the file) CTRL-U Scroll window up 1 line CTRL-D Scroll window down 1 line MODIFYING TEXT Del key Delete the character under the cursor Backspace Delete the character to left of the cursor CTRL-N Delete the next word CTRL-P Delete the previous word CTRL-T Delete tail of line (all characters from cursor to end of line) CTRL-O Open up the line (insert line feed and back up) CTRL-G Get and insert a file at the cursor position SEC. 2.1 MANUAL PAGES 17 BUFFER OPERATIONS CTRL-@ Set mark at current position for use with CTRL-C and CTRL-K CTRL-C Copy the text between the mark and the cursor into the buffer CTRL-K Delete text between mark and cursor; also copy it to the buffer CTRL-Y Yank contents of the buffer out and insert it at the cursor CTRL-Q Write the contents of the buffer onto a file MISCELLANEOUS numeric + Search forward (prompts for regular expression) numeric - Search backward (prompts for regular expression) numeric 5 Display the file status CTRL-] Go to specific line CTRL-R Global replace pattern with string (from cursor to end) CTRL-L Line replace pattern with string CTRL-W Write the edited file back to the disk CTRL-X Exit the editor CTRL-S Fork off a shell (use CTRL-D to get back to the editor) CTRL-\ Abort whatever the editor was doing and wait for command CTRL-E Erase screen and redraw it CTRL-V Visit (edit) a new file The key bindings on the Atari ST and Amiga are slightly different. The table below summarizes the mined commands with the corresponding ST keys, and the PC keys if they differ. ________________________________________________ CURSOR MOTION ST key PC key ________________________________________________ up,down,left,right arrows start of line CTRL-A end of line CTRL-Z top of screen CTRL-^ end of screen CTRL-_ next word CTRL-F previous word CTRL-B ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ SCREEN MOTION ST key PC key ________________________________________________ first char of file Home last char of file F6 End scroll window up F4 PgUp scroll window down F3 PgDn scroll line up CTRL-U scroll line down CTRL-D ________________________________________________ 18 MANUAL PAGES CHAP. 2 ________________________________________________ MODIFYING TEXT ST key PC key ________________________________________________ delete this char Delete delete previous char Backspace delete next word CTRL-N delete previous word CTRL-P delete tail of line CTRL-T open up line CTRL-O get file at cursor CTRL-G ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ MISCELLANEOUS ST key PC key ________________________________________________ search forward F1 numeric + search backward F2 numeric - file status F5 numeric 5 repeat Esc goto line CTRL-] global replace CTRL-R line replace CTRL-L write file CTRL-W exit CTRL-X fork shell CTRL-S abort CTRL-\ redraw CTRL-E new file CTRL-V escape next char F8 ALT-ESC ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ BUFFER OPERATIONS ST key PC key ________________________________________________ set mark F7 CTRL-@ copy to buffer CTRL-C delete to buffer CTRL-K insert buffer CTRL-Y write buffer to file CTRL-Q ________________________________________________ Command: mkdir - make a directory Syntax: mkdir directory ... Flags: (none) Examples: mkdir dir # Create dir in the current directory mkdir /user/ast/dir # Create the specified directory The specified directory or directories are created and initialized. SEC. 2.1 MANUAL PAGES 19 mkfs - make a file system Command: mkfs - make a file system Syntax: mkfs [-Ldot] special prototype Flags: -L Make a listing on standard output -d Use mod time of mkfs binary for all files -o Use a drive other than 0 or 1 (safety precaution) -t Do not test if file system fits on the medium Examples: mkfs /dev/fd1 proto # Make a file system on /dev/fd1 mkfs /dev/fd1 360 # Make empty 360 block file system Mkfs builds a file system and copies specified files to it. The prototype file tells which directories and files to copy to it. If the prototype file cannot be opened, and its name is just a string of digits, an empty file system will be made with the specified number of blocks. A sample prototype file fol- lows. The text following the # sign in the example below is comment. In real prototype files, comments are not allowed. boot # boot block file (ignored) 360 63 # blocks and i-nodes d--755 1 1 # root directory bin d--755 2 1 # bin dir: mode (755), uid (2), gid (1) sh ---755 2 1 /user/bin/shell # shell has mode rwxr-xr-x mv -u-755 2 1 /user/bin/mv # u = SETUID bit login -ug755 2 1 /user/bin/login# SETUID and SETGID $ # end of /bin dev d--755 2 1 # special files: tty (char), fd0 (block) tty c--777 2 1 4 0 # uid=2, gid=1, major=4, minor=0 fd0 b--644 2 1 2 0 360 # uid, gid, major, minor, blocks $ # end of /dev user d--755 12 1 # user dir: mode (755), uid (12), gid (1) ast d--755 12 1 # /user/ast $ # /user/ast is empty $ # end of /user $ # end of root directory The first entry on each line (except the first 3 and the $ lines, which ter- minate directories) is the name the file or directory will get on the new file system. Next comes its mode, with the first character being -dbc for regular files, directories, block special files and character special files, respec- tively. The next two characters are used to specify the SETUID and SETGID bits, as shown above. The last three characters of the mode are the rwx pro- tection bits. Following the mode are the uid and gid. For special files, the major and minor devices are needed. The size in blocks must also be specified for block special files (the MINIX block size is 1K; this can only be changed by changing BLOCK_SIZE and then recompiling the operating system). 20 MANUAL PAGES CHAP. 2 mount - mount a file system Command: mount - mount a file system Syntax: /etc/mount special file [-r] Flags: -r File system is mounted read-only Example: /etc/mount /dev/fd1 /user # Mount diskette 1 on /user The file system contained on the special file is mounted on file. In the example above, the root directory of the file system in drive 1 can be accessed as /user after the mount. When the file system is no longer needed, it must be unmounted before being removed from the drive. pwd - print working directory Command: pwd - print working directory Syntax: pwd Flags: (none) Example: pwd # Print the name of the working directory The full path name of the current working directory is printed. rev - reverse the characters on each line of a file Command: rev - reverse the characters on each line of a file Syntax: rev [file] ... Flags: (none) Example: rev file # Reverse each line Each file is copied to standard output with all the characters of each line reversed, last one first and first one last. rm - remove a file Command: rm - remove a file Syntax: rm [-fir] name ... Flags: -f Forced remove: no questions asked -i Interactive remove: ask before removing -r Remove directories too Examples: rm file # Remove file rm -i *.c # Remove .c files, asking about each Rm removes one or more files. If a file has no write permission, rm asks for permission (type ``y'' or ``n'') unless -f is specified. If the file is a directory, it will be recursively descended and removed if and only if the -r flag is present. rmdir - remove a directory Command: rmdir - remove a directory Syntax: rmdir directory ... SEC. 2.1 MANUAL PAGES 21 Flags: (none) Examples: rmdir /user/ast/foobar # Remove directory foobar rmdir /user/ast/f* # Remove 0 or more directories The specified directories are removed. Ordinary files are not removed. The directories must be empty. sh - shell Command: sh - shell Syntax: sh [file] Flags: (none) Example: sh < script # Run a shell script Sh is the shell. It permits redirection of input and output, pipes, magic characters, background processes, shell scripts and most of the other features of the V7 (Bourne) shell. A few of the more common commands are listed below: date # Regular command sort <file # Redirect stdin sort <file1 >file2 # Redirect stdin and stdout cc file.c 2>error # Redirect stderr a.out >f 2>&1 # Combine standard output and standard error sort <file1 >>file2 # Append output to file2 sort <file1 >file2 & # Background job (ls -l; a.out) & # Run two background commands sequentially sort <file | wc # Two-process pipeline sort <f | uniq | wc # Three-process pipeline ls -l *.c # List all files ending in .c ls -l [a-c]* # List all files beginning with a, b, or c ls -l ? # List all one-character file names ls \? # List the file whose name is question mark ls '???' # List the file whose name is three question marks v=/usr/ast # Set shell variable v ls -l $v # Use shell variable v PS1='Hi! ' # Change the primary prompt to Hi! PS2='More: ' # Change the secondary prompt to More: ls -l $HOME # List the home directory echo $PATH # Echo the search path if ... then ... else ... fi # If statement for ... do ... done # Iterate over argument list while ... do ... done # Repeat while condition holds case ... in ... esac # Select clause based on condition echo $? # Echo exit status of previous command echo $$ # Echo shell's pid echo $# # Echo number of parameters (shell script) echo $2 # Echo second parameter (shell script) echo $* # Echo all parameters (shell script) 22 MANUAL PAGES CHAP. 2 sleep - suspend execution for a given number of seconds Command: sleep - suspend execution for a given number of seconds Syntax: sleep seconds Flags: (none) Example: sleep 10 # Suspend execution for 10 sec. The caller is suspended for the indicated number of seconds. sort - sort a file of ASCII lines Command: sort - sort a file of ASCII lines Syntax: sort [-bcdfimnru] [-tc] [-o name] [+pos1] [-pos2] file ... Flags: -b Skip leading blanks when making comparisons -c Check to see if a file is sorted -d Dictionary order: ignore punctuation -f Fold upper case onto lower case -i Ignore nonASCII characters -m Merge presorted files -n Numeric sort order -o Next argument is output file -r Reverse the sort order -t Following character is field separator -u Unique mode (delete duplicate lines) Examples: sort -nr file # Sort keys numerically, reversed sort +2 -4 file # Sort using fields 2 and 3 as key sort +2 -t: -o out # Field separator is : sort +.3 -.6 # Characters 3 through 5 form the key Sort sorts one or more files. If no files are specified, stdin is sorted. Output is written on standard output, unless -o is specified. The options +pos1 -pos2 use only fields pos1 up to but not including pos2 as the sort key, where a field is a string of characters delimited by spaces and tabs, unless a different field delimiter is specified with -t. Both pos1 and pos2 have the form m.n where m tells the number of fields and n tells the number of charac- ters. Either m or n may be omitted. sync - flush the cache to disk Command: sync - flush the cache to disk Syntax: sync Flags: (none) Example: sync # Write out all modified cache blocks MINIX maintains a cache of recently used disk blocks. The sync command writes any modified cache blocks back to the disk. This is essential before stopping the system, and should be done before running any a.out program that might crash. SEC. 2.1 MANUAL PAGES 23 tail - print the last few lines of a file Command: tail - print the last few lines of a file Syntax: tail [-cl] [-n] [file] ... Flags: -c The count refers to characters -l The count refers to lines -n How many characters or lines to print Examples: tail -6 # Print last 6 lines of stdin tail -1 file1 file2 # Print last line of two files The last few lines of one or more files are printed. The default count is 10 lines. The default file is stdin. tee - divert stdin to a file Command: tee - divert stdin to a file Syntax: tee [-ai] file ... Flags: -a Append to the files, rather than overwriting -i Ignore interrupts Examples: cat file1 file2 | tee x # Save and display two files pr file | tee x | lpr # Save the output of pr on x Tee copies stdin to standard output. It also makes copies on all the files listed as arguments. time - report how long a command takes Command: time - report how long a command takes Syntax: time command Flags: (none) Examples: time a.out # Report how long a.out takes time ls -l *.c # Report how long ls takes The command is executed and the real time, user time, and system time (in hours, minutes, and seconds) are printed. Shell scripts cannot be timed. true - exit with the value true Command: true - exit with the value true Syntax: true Flags: (none) Example: while true # List the directory until DEL is hit do ls -l done This command returns the value true. It is used for shell programming. The program is in reality not a program at all. It is the null file. 24 MANUAL PAGES CHAP. 2 umount - unmount a mounted file system Command: umount - unmount a mounted file system Syntax: /etc/umount special Flags: (none) Example: /etc/umount /dev/fd1 # Unmount diskette 1 A mounted file system is unmounted after the cache has been flushed to disk. A diskette should never be removed while it is mounted. If this happens, and is discovered before another diskette is inserted, the original one can be replaced without harm. Attempts to unmount a file system holding working directories or open files will be rejected with a ``device busy'' message. 3 DESCRIPTION OF FULL MINIX 1.5 This chapter gives a summary of what the full MINIX distribution contains. The first section reproduces the table of contents of the manual. The second section lists and briefly describes most of the programs provided with MINIX. The third section names most of the library routines that are standard with MINIX. 3.1. MINIX REFERENCE MANUAL TABLE OF CONTENTS The Table of Contents of the MINIX Reference Manual is listed below. The manual is 680 pages long, which includes a cross-referenced listing of the of the operating system source code (in C). 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY OF UNIX 1 1.2 HISTORY OF MINIX 3 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THIS MANUAL 5 2 INSTALLING MINIX ON THE IBM PC, XT, AT, 386, AND PS/2 6 2.1 MINIX HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 6 2.2 HOW TO START MINIX 7 2.3 HOW TO INSTALL MINIX ON A HARD DISK 10 2.4 TESTING MINIX 20 2.5 TROUBLESHOOTING 22 26 DESCRIPTION OF FULL MINIX 1.5 CHAP. 3 3 INSTALLING MINIX ON THE ATARI ST 24 3.1 THE MINIX-ST DISTRIBUTION 25 3.2 NATIONAL KEYBOARDS 26 3.3 BOOTING MINIX-ST 27 3.4 INCREASING THE SIZE OF YOUR RAM DISK 30 3.5 ADAPTING PROGRAMS TO USE EXTRA RAM 31 3.6 USING SINGLE-SIDED DISKETTES 32 3.7 USING A HARD DISK 33 3.8 USING A MEGA ST 40 3.9 USING A DISK CONTROLLER BASED CLOCK 40 3.10 BOOT PROCEDURE OPTIONS 41 3.11 UNPACKING THE SOURCES 42 3.12 THE TOS TOOLS 43 3.13 TROUBLESHOOTING 45 4 INSTALLING MINIX ON THE COMMODORE AMIGA 51 4.1 MINIX HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 51 4.2 HOW TO START MINIX 52 4.3 A MORE DETAILED LOOK 54 4.4 TROUBLESHOOTING 58 5 INSTALLING MINIX ON THE APPLE MACINTOSH 59 5.1 MACMINIX HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 59 5.2 THE MACMINIX DISTRIBUTION 59 5.3 NATIONAL KEYBOARDS 60 5.4 BOOTING MACMINIX 60 5.5 INCREASING THE SIZE OF YOUR RAM DISK 63 5.6 ADAPTING PROGRAMS TO USE EXTRA RAM 64 5.7 USING A HARD DISK 65 5.8 UNPACKING THE SOURCES 69 5.9 THE MENUS 70 5.10 SETTING CONFIGURATION OPTIONS 71 5.11 MACINTOSH SYSTEM CALLS 72 5.12 RUNNING MACMINIX WITH MULTIFINDER 72 5.13 TROUBLESHOOTING 73 6 USING MINIX 74 6.1 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF MINIX 74 6.2 PROCESSES AND FILES IN MINIX 79 6.3 A TOUR THROUGH THE MINIX FILE SYSTEM 84 6.4 HELPFUL HINTS 88 6.5 SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION 93 7 RECOMPILING MINIX 97 7.1 REBUILDING MINIX ON AN IBM PC 97 7.2 REBUILDING MINIX ON AN ATARI ST 103 7.3 REBUILDING MINIX ON A COMMODORE AMIGA 109 7.4 REBUILDING MINIX ON AN APPLE MACINTOSH 109 8 MANUAL PAGES 115 SEC. 3.2 MINIX REFERENCE MANUAL TABLE OF CONTENTS 27 9 EXTENDED MANUAL PAGES 189 9.1 ASLD-ASSEMBLER-LOADER [IBM] 189 9.2 BAWK-BASIC AWK 198 9.3 DE-DISK EDITOR 202 9.4 DIS88-DISASSEMBLER FOR THE 8088 [IBM] 207 9.5 ELLE-FULL-SCREEN EDITOR 208 9.6 ELVIS-A CLONE OF THE BERKELEY VI EDITOR 216 9.7 IC-INTEGER CALCULATOR 236 9.8 INDENT-INDENT AND FORMAT C PROGRAMS 239 9.9 KERMIT-A FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM 243 9.10 M4-MACRO PROCESSOR 246 9.11 MDB-MINIX DEBUGGER [68000] 249 9.12 MINED-A SIMPLE SCREEN EDITOR 253 9.13 NROFF-A TEXT PROCESSOR 257 9.14 PATCH-A PROGRAM FOR APPLYING DIFFS 266 9.15 ZMODEM-FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM 269 10 SYSTEM CALLS 274 10.1 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM CALLS 274 10.2 LIST OF MINIX SYSTEM CALLS 275 11 NETWORKING 277 11.1 INTRODUCTION 277 11.2 OBJECTS 279 11.3 OVERVIEW OF TRANSACTIONS 281 11.4 TRANSACTION PRIMITIVES 282 11.5 SERVER STRUCTURE 286 11.6 CLIENT STRUCTURE 287 11.7 SIGNAL HANDLING 287 11.8 IMPLEMENTATION OF TRANSACTIONS IN MINIX 288 11.9 COMPILING THE SYSTEM 289 11.10 HOW TO INSTALL AMOEBA 289 11.11 NETWORKING UTILITIES 290 11.12 REMOTE SHELL 290 11.13 SHERVERS 292 11.14 MASTERS 292 11.15 FILE TRANSFER 293 11.16 REMOTE PIPES 293 11.17 THE ETHERNET INTERFACE 293 A MINIX SOURCE CODE LISTING 296 B CROSS REFERENCE MAP 637 3.2. PARTIAL LIST OF PROGRAMS SUPPLIED WITH MINIX Below is a list of programs that are supplied with MINIX. Those lines that have [IBM], [68000], or another machine type only apply to the machine type specified in the square brackets. The complete source code of all these pro- grams, except for elle and the C compiler are part of the standard MINIX pack- age. 28 DESCRIPTION OF FULL MINIX 1.5 CHAP. 3 animals - twenty-questions type guessing game about animals anm - print name list [68000] aoutdump - display the contents of an object file [68000] ar - archiver as - MC68000 assembler [68000] ascii - strip all the pure ASCII lines from a file asize - report the size of an object file [68000] asld - assembler-loader [IBM] ast - add symbol table to executable file [IBM] astrip - remove symbols [68000] at - execute commands at a later time backup - backup files badblocks - put a list of bad blocks in a file banner - print a banner basename - strip off file prefixes and suffixes bawk - pattern matching language btoa - binary to ascii conversion cal - print a calendar cat - concatenate files and write them to stdout cc - C compiler cdiff - context diff cgrep - grep and display context chgrp - change group chmem - change memory allocation chmod - change access mode for files chown - change owner clr - clear the screen cmp - compare two files comm - print lines common to two sorted files compress - compress a file using modified Lempel-Ziv coding cp - copy file cpdir - copy a directory and its subdirectories crc - print the checksum of the file data cron - clock daemon ctags - build a tags file cut - select out columns of a file date - print or set the date and time dd - disk dumper de - disk editor df - report on free disk space and i-nodes dhrystone - integer benchmark diff - print differences between two files dis88 - disassembler [IBM] diskcheck - check a disk for bad sectors diskcopy - copy a disk with only one drive [AMIGA] diskrtc - set date from a disk controller real time clock [ATARI] diskset - set real time clock on disk controller [ATARI] dosdir - list an MS-DOS directory [IBM] dosread - read a file from an MS-DOS diskette [IBM] SEC. 3.1 PARTIAL LIST OF PROGRAMS SUPPLIED WITH MINIX 29 doswrite - write a file onto an MS-DOS diskette [IBM] du - print disk usage echo - print the arguments ed - editor eject - eject a diskette from a drive [MACINTOSH] elle - ELLE Looks Like Emacs elvis - clone of the Berkeley vi editor ex - Berkeley line editor expand - convert tabs to spaces expr - evaluate experession factor - factor an integer less than 2**31 fdisk - partition a hard disk [IBM] fgrep - fast grep file - make a guess as to a file's type based on contents find - find files meeting a given condition fix - generate new file from old one and diff listing fold - fold long lines format - format a diskette [ATARI] fortune - print a fortune from - input half of a connection [IBM] fsck - perform file system consistency check gather - gather up the files in a directory for transmission getlf - wait until a line has been typed getty - get terminal line parameters for login grep - search a file for lines containing a given pattern gres - grep and substitute head - print the first few lines of a file hdclose - close hard disk partition [MACINTOSH] hdopen - set correspondence of a HD partition [MACINTOSH] ic - integer calculator id - print the uid and gid ifdef - remove #ifdefs from a file indent - reformat the layout of a program inodes - print i-node information kermit - transfer a file using the kermit protocol kill - send a signal to a process last - display recent on-line session records leave - warn when it is time to go home libpack - pack an ASCII assembly code file [IBM] libupack - convert a packed assembly code file to ASCII [IBM] ln - create a link to a file login - log into the computer look - look up words in dictionary lorder - compute the order for library modules [IBM] lpr - copy a file to the line printer ls - list the contents of a directory m4 - macro processor maccreate - create an empty macintosh file [MACINTOSH] macfile - list, read and write Macintosh volumes [MACINTOSH] 30 DESCRIPTION OF FULL MINIX 1.5 CHAP. 3 macread - read a Macintosh file [MACINTOSH] macwrite - write a Macintosh file [MACINTOSH] mail - send and receive electronic mail make - a program for maintaining large programs man - display manual page master - control the creation of shervers [IBM] mdb - MINIX debugger [68000] megartc - set date from real time clock [Mega ST] mined - MINIX editor minix - MINIX bootstrap [AMIGA] mkdir - make a directory mkfs - make a file system mknod - create a special file mkproto - create a MINIX prototype file modem - switch the modem and getty state more - pager mount - mount a file system mref - make listing and cross reference map of MINIX mv - move or rename a file nm - print name list nroff - text formatter od - octal dump passwd - change a login password paste - paste multiple files together patch - patches up a file from the original and a diff pr - print a file prep - prepare a text file for statistical analysis pretty - MINIX pretty printer printenv - print out the current environment printroot - print the name of the root device on standard output ps - print process status pwd - print working directory rcp - remote copy [IBM] readall - read a device quickly to check for bad blocks readclock - read the real time clock [IBM PC/AT and AMIGA] readfs - read a MINIX file system recover - recover files that have been removed. ref - look up a reference in a tags file rev - reverse the characters on each line of a file rm - remove a file rmaker - a simple resource compiler [MACINTOSH] rmdir - remove a directory roff - text formatter rsh - remote shell for networking [IBM] rz - receive a file using the zmodem protocol sed - stream editor settype - set type and/or creator of a Mac file [MACINTOSH] sh - shell shar - shell archiver SEC. 3.1 PARTIAL LIST OF PROGRAMS SUPPLIED WITH MINIX 31 sherver - shell server [IBM] size - print text, data, and bss size of a program sleep - suspend execution for a given number of seconds sort - sort a file of ASCII lines spell - print all words in a file not present in the dictionary split - split a large file into several smaller files strings - print all the strings in a binary file strip - remove symbol table from executable file stterm - turn system into a dumb terminal [68000] stty - set terminal parameters su - temporarily log in as superuser or another user sum - compute the checksum and block count of a file svc - shell version control system sync - flush the cache to disk sz - send a file using the zmodem protocol tail - print the last few lines of a file tar - tape archiver tee - divert stdin to a file term - turn PC into a dumb terminal [IBM] termcap - print the current termcap entry test - test for a condition time - report how long a command takes to - output half of a connection [IBM] tos - list, read and write TOS file systems [ATARI] touch - update a file's time of last modification tr - translate character codes transfer - read, write and format diskettes [AMIGA] traverse - print directory tree under the named directory treecmp - recursively list differences in two directory trees true - exit with the value true tset - set the $TERM variable tsort - topological sort [IBM] ttt - tic tac toe tty - print the device name of this tty umount - unmount a mounted file system unexpand - convert spaces to tabs uniq - delete consecutive identical lines in a file unshar - Remove files from a shell archive update - periodically write the buffer cache to disk users - list the logged-in users uud - decode a binary file encoded with uue uue - encode a binary file to ASCII (e.g., for mailing) vi - (see elvis) virecover - recover from a crash vol - split stdin into diskette-sized volumes wc - count characters, words, and lines in a file weidertc - set date from Weide real time clock [ATARI] whatsnew - print a newly modified file, marking changes whereis - examine system directories for a given file 32 DESCRIPTION OF FULL MINIX 1.5 CHAP. 3 which - examine $PATH to see which file will be executed who - print list of currently logged in users whoami - print current user name width - force all the lines of a file to a given width write - send a message to a logged-in user 3.3. PARTIAL LIST OF THE MINIX LIBRARY Below is a listing of the three principal library directories, ansi, posix, and other. These lists are approximate, as there are some minor differences between the various versions. The sources for all these library routines are included in the MINIX package (as are the binaries, of course). 3.3.1. Ansi Directory Makefile abort abs assert atoi atol bsearch ctime ctype errno exit fclose fflush fgetc fgets fopen fprintf fputc fputs fread freopen fseek ftell fwrite getenv gets malloc memchr memcmp memcpy memmove memset perror puts qsort rand scanf setbuf signal sincos sprintf strcat strchr strcmp strcoll strcpy strcspn strerror strlen strncat strncmp strncpy strpbrk strrchr strspn strstr strtok strtol strtoul strxfrm system time tmpnam ungetc vsprintf 3.3.2. Posix Directory Makefile _exit access alarm chdir chmod chown close closedir creat ctermid cuserid dup dup2 exec execlp fcntl fdopen fork fpathconf fstat getcwd getegid geteuid getgid getgrent getlogin getpid getppid getpwent getuid isatty kill link lseek mkdir mkfifo open opendir pathconf pause pipe read readdir rename rewinddir rmdir setgid setuid sleep stat sysconf times ttyname umask unlink utime wait write 3.3.3. Other Directory Makefile amoeba bcmp bcopy brk bzero call chroot cleanup crypt curses doprintf ffs getdents getopt getpass gtty index ioctl itoa lock lrand lsearch memccpy message mknod mktemp mount nlist popen printdat printk prints ptrace putenv regexp regsub rindex seekdir stb stderr stime stty swab sync syslib telldir termcap umount uniqport vectab 3.4. ADDITIONAL SOFTWARE The MINIX package consists of boot diskettes, the binaries of nearly 200 system utilities, a C compiler, the sources of the complete operating system (in C), the sources of the utility programs, and the sources of the library. In addition, the package contains ANSI and POSIX compatible header files /usr/include/*.h), and extensive test software. Furthermore, MINIX comes stan- dard with networking software to connect multiple IBM machines on an Ethernet. SEC. 3.3 ADDITIONAL SOFTWARE 33 This software allows file transfer, remote login, cross-machine pipes, and many other features. One particularly interesting aspect of it, is that it also works on a single machine, so you can develop networking software alone. The binary programs so produced will run on a network of MINIX machines without modification or even recompilation. A Pascal compiler is also available from third-party vendors. Finally, there is a large and active MINIX community that operates on USENET. Over 16,000 people belong to this group, which is described in the MINIX Reference Manual. HOW TO ORDER MINIX 1.5 MINIX is copyrighted software, being sold by Prentice-Hall. It is not public domain or shareware. Other than the demonstration disk, MINIX is not available by FTP or from on-line bulletin boards. The Prentice-Hall product numbers and prices are as follows: - MINIX 1.5 for the IBM: 5 1/4" (0-13-585076-2) $169 - MINIX 1.5 for the IBM: 3 1/2" (0-13-585068-1) $169 - MINIX 1.5 for the Amiga (0-13-585043-6) $169 - MINIX 1.5 for the Atari (0-13-585035-5) $169 - MINIX 1.5 for the Macintosh (0-13-585050-9) $169 Sales tax and shipping are extra; Prices are slightly higher outside the U.S. All versions include the executable binaries, a detailed manual, the complete source code (on diskettes), and an attractively typeset, cross-referenced listing of the operating system code. P-H is making a big effort to get software stores to keep MINIX in stock. The easiest way to order it is to go to a software store and ask them for it. If they don't stock it, they can always order it. Alternatively, you can order directly by email, FAX, phone, or mail from Prentice-Hall as follows. In North America and the Far East To order by email: books@prenhall.com To order by FAX: (201) 767-5625 To order by phone: (800) 624-0023 or (201) 767-5969 To order by mail: Microservice Customer Service Simon & Schuster 200 Old Tappan Road Old Tappan, NJ 07675 In UK/Europe To order by email: Not recommended as the email is printed out in the U.S. and then sent to England by regular letter To order by FAX: Same problem as email To order by phone: +44 (442) 231-555 (UK number) To order by mail: Order Dept. Prentice-Hall International 66 Wood Lane End Hemel Hempstead Herts. HP2 4RG ENGLAND For email and FAX orders, please include the product name and number, your name and address, and your MasterCard or VISA card number and expiration date. If you wish delivery by Federal Express (costs extra), please indicate so. MINIX can also be ordered from the following addresses: In England: The MINIX Center Forncett End Norwich Norfolk NR16 1HT England 0953-89345 In Germany: Steve Steinkrauss Feldtorweg 24 D3406 Bovenden 1 Germany In the Benelux: Fred van Kempen Postbus 184 2100 AD Heemstede Holland Tel: +31 23 287935 FAX: +31 23 294229 In Scandinavia: Frank O'Donell P.O. Box 88 1371 Asker Norway In Spain and Deborah Worth Portugal: Appartado Numero 50672 Madrid Spain In Italy: Jim Blaho Piazza Santo Spirito 17 50125 Florence Italy In Greece: Vassilis Zahos Kritonos 5-7 GR 11634 Athens Greece In Turkey: Atilla Gullu Milli Mudafaa Cad 14/7 Kizilay Ankara Turkey If you have previously purchased MINIX from Prentice-Hall, you can get a discount of $60, but only if you order by mail and include the label from the original PH boot disk (or the entire disk) with your letter. Not valid for email, phone or FAX orders since you must enclose the original boot disk label (not a photocopy). Mail orders can be by credit card or check for $169. You will be billed for tax and shipping.